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Python 2.7.9 文档编制
Python 文档编制内容
¶
Python 的新功能
Python 2.7 的新功能
The Future for Python 2.x
Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
Python 3.1 Features
PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
其他语言变化
Interpreter Changes
优化
New and Improved Modules
New module: importlib
New module: sysconfig
ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk
Updated module: unittest
Updated module: ElementTree 1.3
构建和 C API 变化
Capsules
Port-Specific Changes: Windows
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD
其它变化和修复
移植到 Python 2.7
New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
Bootstrapping pip By Default
Documentation Changes
PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
Acknowledgements
Python 2.6 的新功能
Python 3.0
Changes to the Development Process
New Issue Tracker: Roundup
New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
Writing Context Managers
The contextlib module
PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages
Directory
PEP 371: The
multiprocessing
Package
PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
PEP 3105:
print
As a Function
PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
PEP 3112: Byte Literals
PEP 3116: New I/O Library
PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
PEP 3129: Class Decorators
PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
fractions
模块
其他语言变化
优化
Interpreter Changes
New and Improved Modules
ast
模块
future_builtins
模块
json
module: JavaScript Object Notation
plistlib
module: A Property-List Parser
ctypes Enhancements
Improved SSL Support
Deprecations and Removals
构建和 C API 变化
Port-Specific Changes: Windows
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
Port-Specific Changes: IRIX
移植到 Python 2.6
Acknowledgements
Python 2.5 的新功能
PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
PEP 309: Partial Function Application
PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
PEP 342: New Generator Features
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
Writing Context Managers
The contextlib module
PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
其他语言变化
Interactive Interpreter Changes
优化
New, Improved, and Removed Modules
The ctypes package
The ElementTree package
The hashlib package
The sqlite3 package
The wsgiref package
构建和 C API 变化
Port-Specific Changes
移植到 Python 2.5
Acknowledgements
Python 2.4 的新功能
PEP 218：内置 Set 对象
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
PEP 289: Generator Expressions
PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
PEP 324: New subprocess Module
PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
Why is Decimal needed?
Decimal
type
Context
type
PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
其他语言变化
优化
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
cookielib
doctest
构建和 C API 变化
Port-Specific Changes
移植到 Python 2.4
Acknowledgements
Python 2.3 的新功能
PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
PEP 255: Simple Generators
PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
PEP 279: enumerate()
PEP 282: The logging Package
PEP 285: A Boolean Type
PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
PEP 302: New Import Hooks
PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
Extended Slices
其他语言变化
String Changes
优化
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
Date/Time Type
The optparse Module
Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
构建和 C API 变化
Port-Specific Changes
其它变化和修复
移植到 Python 2.3
Acknowledgements
Python 2.2 的新功能
介绍
PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
Old and New Classes
Descriptors
Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule
Attribute Access
Related Links
PEP 234: Iterators
PEP 255: Simple Generators
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
Unicode Changes
PEP 227: Nested Scopes
New and Improved Modules
Interpreter Changes and Fixes
其它变化和修复
Acknowledgements
Python 2.1 的新功能
介绍
PEP 227: Nested Scopes
PEP 236: __future__ Directives
PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
PEP 230: Warning Framework
PEP 229: New Build System
PEP 205: Weak References
PEP 232: Function Attributes
PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
PEP 208: New Coercion Model
PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
New and Improved Modules
其它变化和修复
Acknowledgements
Python 2.0 的新功能
介绍
What About Python 1.6?
New Development Process
Unicode
List Comprehensions
Augmented Assignment
字符串方法
Garbage Collection of Cycles
其它核心变化
Minor Language Changes
Changes to Built-in Functions
移植到 2.0
扩展/嵌入变化
Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
XML 模块
SAX2 Support
DOM Support
Relationship to PyXML
模块变化
新模块
IDLE 的改进
Deleted and Deprecated Modules
Acknowledgements
Python 教程
1. Whetting Your Appetite
2. 使用 Python 解释器
2.1. 援引解释器
2.1.1. 自变量传递
2.1.2. 交互模式
2.2. 解释器及其环境
2.2.1. 源代码编码
3. An Informal Introduction to Python
3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
3.1.1. Numbers
3.1.2. 字符串
3.1.3. Unicode Strings
3.1.4. Lists
3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
4. 更多的控制流工具
4.1.
if
语句
4.2.
for
语句
4.3. The
range()
函数
4.4.
break
and
continue
Statements, and
else
Clauses on Loops
4.5.
pass
语句
4.6. 定义函数
4.7. More on Defining Functions
4.7.1. Default Argument Values
4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
4.7.5. Lambda 表达式
4.7.6. 文档编制字符串
4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
5. 数据结构
5.1. More on Lists
5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
5.1.3. Functional Programming Tools
5.1.4. List Comprehensions
5.1.4.1. Nested List Comprehensions
5.2.
del
语句
5.3. 元组和序列
5.4. Sets
5.5. 字典
5.6. 循环技术
5.7. More on Conditions
5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
6. 模块
6.1. More on Modules
6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
6.1.2. The Module Search Path
6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
6.2. 标准模块
6.3. The
dir()
函数
6.4. Packages
6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
6.4.2. Intra-package References
6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
7. 输入和输出
7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
7.1.1. Old string formatting
7.2. 读取和写入文件
7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
7.2.2. Saving structured data with
json
8. 错误和异常
8.1. 句法错误
8.2. 异常
8.3. 处理异常
8.4. 引发异常
8.5. 用户定义异常
8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
9. 类
9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
9.3. A First Look at Classes
9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
9.3.2. 类对象
9.3.3. 实例对象
9.3.4. Method Objects
9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
9.4. Random Remarks
9.5. 继承
9.5.1. 多重继承
9.6. Private Variables and Class-local References
9.7. Odds and Ends
9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too
9.9. Iterators
9.10. Generators
9.11. Generator Expressions
10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
10.1. Operating System Interface
10.2. File Wildcards
10.3. Command Line Arguments
10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
10.5. String Pattern Matching
10.6. Mathematics
10.7. Internet Access
10.8. Dates and Times
10.9. Data Compression
10.10. Performance Measurement
10.11. Quality Control
10.12. Batteries Included
11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II
11.1. Output Formatting
11.2. Templating
11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
11.4. 多线程
11.5. Logging
11.6. 弱引用
11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
12. What Now?
13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
13.1. Line Editing
13.2. History Substitution
13.3. Key Bindings
13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
14.1. Representation Error
15. Appendix
15.1. Interactive Mode
15.1.1. Error Handling
15.1.2. Executable Python Scripts
15.1.3. The Interactive Startup File
15.1.4. The Customization Modules
设置和使用 Python
1. 命令行和环境
1.1. 命令行
1.1.1. 接口选项
1.1.2. 通用选项
1.1.3. 杂项选项
1.1.4. 不应该使用的选项
1.2. 环境变量
1.2.1. 调试模式变量
2. 在 Unix 平台使用 Python
2.1. 获取并安装最新版本的 Python
2.1.1. 在 Linux
2.1.2. 在 FreeBSD 和 OpenBSD
2.1.3. 在 OpenSolaris
2.2. 构建 Python
2.3. 与 Python 相关的路径和文件
2.4. 杂项
2.5. Editors
3. 在 Windows 使用 Python
3.1. 安装 Python
3.2. Alternative bundles
3.3. Configuring Python
3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables
3.3.2. Finding the Python executable
3.3.3. Finding modules
3.3.4. Executing scripts
3.4. Additional modules
3.4.1. PyWin32
3.4.2. Py2exe
3.4.3. WConio
3.5. Compiling Python on Windows
3.6. Other resources
4. 在 Macintosh 使用 Python
4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython
4.1.1. How to run a Python script
4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI
4.1.3. Configuration
4.2. IDE
4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages
4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac
4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
4.6. 其他资源
Python 语言参考
1. 介绍
1.1. 替代实现
1.2. 表示法
2. 词法分析
2.1. 行结构
2.1.1. 逻辑行
2.1.2. 物理行
2.1.3. 注释
2.1.4. 编码声明
2.1.5. 显式线联接
2.1.6. 隐式线联接
2.1.7. 空行
2.1.8. 缩进
2.1.9. 令牌之间的空白
2.2. 其它令牌
2.3. 标识符和关键字
2.3.1. 关键词
2.3.2. 预留的标识符类
2.4. 文字
2.4.1. String literals
2.4.2. 字符串文字拼接
2.4.3. Numeric literals
2.4.4. Integer and long integer literals
2.4.5. Floating point literals
2.4.6. Imaginary literals
2.5. 运算符
2.6. 定界符
3. 数据模型
3.1. 对象 值和类型
3.2. 标准类型层次结构
3.3. 新样式和经典类
3.4. 特殊方法名称
3.4.1. 基本定制
3.4.2. Customizing attribute access
3.4.2.1. More attribute access for new-style classes
3.4.2.2. Implementing Descriptors
3.4.2.3. Invoking Descriptors
3.4.2.4. __slots__
3.4.3. Customizing class creation
3.4.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
3.4.5. 模拟可调用对象
3.4.6. 模拟容器类型
3.4.7. Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
3.4.8. Emulating numeric types
3.4.9. Coercion rules
3.4.10. With Statement Context Managers
3.4.11. Special method lookup for old-style classes
3.4.12. Special method lookup for new-style classes
4. 执行模型
4.1. Naming and binding
4.1.1. Interaction with dynamic features
4.2. Exceptions
5. 表达式
5.1. Arithmetic conversions
5.2. Atoms
5.2.1. Identifiers (Names)
5.2.2. Literals
5.2.3. Parenthesized forms
5.2.4. List displays
5.2.5. Displays for sets and dictionaries
5.2.6. Generator expressions
5.2.7. Dictionary displays
5.2.8. Set displays
5.2.9. String conversions
5.2.10. Yield expressions
5.2.10.1. Generator-iterator methods
5.3. Primaries
5.3.1. Attribute references
5.3.2. Subscriptions
5.3.3. Slicings
5.3.4. Calls
5.4. The power operator
5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
5.6. Binary arithmetic operations
5.7. Shifting operations
5.8. Binary bitwise operations
5.9. Comparisons
5.10. 布尔运算
5.11. Conditional Expressions
5.12. Lambdas
5.13. 表达式列表
5.14. 估算次序
5.15. Operator precedence
6. Simple statements
6.1. Expression statements
6.2. Assignment statements
6.2.1. Augmented assignment statements
6.3. The
assert
语句
6.4. The
pass
语句
6.5. The
del
语句
6.6. The
print
语句
6.7. The
return
语句
6.8. The
yield
语句
6.9. The
raise
语句
6.10. The
break
语句
6.11. The
continue
语句
6.12. The
import
语句
6.12.1. Future statements
6.13. The
global
语句
6.14. The
exec
语句
7. Compound statements
7.1. The
if
语句
7.2. The
while
语句
7.3.
for
语句
7.4.
try
语句
7.5.
with
语句
7.6. Function definitions
7.7. Class definitions
8. Top-level components
8.1. Complete Python programs
8.2. File input
8.3. Interactive input
8.4. Expression input
9. Full Grammar specification
Python 标准库
1. 介绍
2. 内置函数
3. 非必需内置函数
4. 内置常量
4.1. Constants added by the
site
模块
5. 内置类型
5.1. 真值测试
5.2. 布尔运算 —
and
,
or
,
not
5.3. 比较
5.4. 数值类型 —
int
,
float
,
long
,
complex
5.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types
5.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types
5.4.3. Additional Methods on Float
5.5. 迭代器类型
5.5.1. 生成器类型
5.6. 序列类型 —
str
,
unicode
,
list
,
tuple
,
bytearray
,
buffer
,
xrange
5.6.1. 字符串方法
5.6.2. 字符串格式化操作
5.6.3. XRange 类型
5.6.4. 可变序列类型
5.7. 集类型 —
set
,
frozenset
5.8. 映射类型 —
dict
5.8.1. 字典视图对象
5.9. 文件对象
5.10. memoryview 类型
5.11. 上下文管理器类型
5.12. 其它内置类型
5.12.1. 模块
5.12.2. 类和类实例
5.12.3. 函数
5.12.4. 方法
5.12.5. 代码对象
5.12.6. 类型对象
5.12.7. Null 对象
5.12.8. 省略对象
5.12.9. 未实现对象
5.12.10. 布尔值
5.12.11. 内部对象
5.13. 特殊属性
6. 内置异常
6.1. 异常层次结构
7. 字符串服务
7.1.
string
— 常见字符串操作
7.1.1. 字符串常量
7.1.2. String Formatting
7.1.3. Format String Syntax
7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
7.1.3.2. Format examples
7.1.4. Template strings
7.1.5. String functions
7.1.6. Deprecated string functions
7.2.
re
— 正则表达式运算
7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
7.2.2. Module Contents
7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects
7.2.4. Match Objects
7.2.5. Examples
7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair
7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()
7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()
7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook
7.2.5.5. Text Munging
7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs
7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation
7.3.
struct
— 把字符串解释为打包二进制数据
7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions
7.3.2. Format Strings
7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
7.3.2.2. Format Characters
7.3.2.3. Examples
7.3.3. Classes
7.4.
difflib
— 增量计算帮手
7.4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
7.4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
7.4.3. Differ Objects
7.4.4. Differ Example
7.4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
7.5.
StringIO
— 按文件方式读写字符串
7.6.
cStringIO
— 更快版本的
StringIO
7.7.
textwrap
— 文字换行和填充
7.8.
codecs
— 编解码器注册和基类
7.8.1. Codec Base Classes
7.8.1.1. Codec Objects
7.8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
7.8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
7.8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
7.8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
7.8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
7.8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
7.8.2. Encodings and Unicode
7.8.3. Standard Encodings
7.8.4. Python Specific Encodings
7.8.5.
encodings.idna
— 应用程序中的国际化域名
7.8.6.
encodings.utf_8_sig
— 具有 BOM 签名的 UTF-8 编解码器
7.9.
unicodedata
— Unicode 数据库
7.10.
stringprep
— 互联网字符串预备
7.11.
fpformat
— 浮点转换
8. 数据类型
8.1.
datetime
— 基本日期 时间类型
8.1.1. 可用类型
8.1.2.
timedelta
对象
8.1.3.
date
对象
8.1.4.
datetime
对象
8.1.5.
time
对象
8.1.6.
tzinfo
对象
8.1.7.
strftime()
and
strptime()
Behavior
8.2.
calendar
— 一般日历相关功能
8.3.
collections
— 高性能容器数据类型
8.3.1.
Counter
对象
8.3.2.
deque
对象
8.3.2.1.
deque
配方
8.3.3.
defaultdict
对象
8.3.3.1.
defaultdict
范例
8.3.4.
namedtuple()
用于带命名字段的元组的工厂函数
8.3.5.
OrderedDict
对象
8.3.5.1.
OrderedDict
范例和配方
8.3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
8.4.
heapq
— 堆队列算法
8.4.1. Basic Examples
8.4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
8.4.3. Theory
8.5.
bisect
— 数组二分算法
8.5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
8.5.2. Other Examples
8.6.
array
— 高效数值数组
8.7.
sets
— 唯一元素的无序集合
8.7.1. Set Objects
8.7.2. Example
8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in
set
types
8.8.
sched
— 事件调度器
8.8.1. Scheduler Objects
8.9.
mutex
— 相互排斥支持
8.9.1. Mutex Objects
8.10.
Queue
— 同步队列类
8.10.1. Queue Objects
8.11.
weakref
— 弱引用
8.11.1. Weak Reference Objects
8.11.2. 范例
8.12.
UserDict
— 字典对象的类包裹器
8.13.
UserList
— 列表对象的类包裹器
8.14.
UserString
— 字符串对象的类包裹器
8.15.
types
— 内置类型的名称
8.16.
new
— 创建运行时内部对象
8.17.
copy
— 浅拷贝和深拷贝操作
8.18.
pprint
— 数据漂亮打印机
8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
8.18.2. pprint Example
8.19.
repr
— 替代
repr()
实现
8.19.1. Repr Objects
8.19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects
9. 数值和数学模块
9.1.
numbers
— 数值抽象基类
9.1.1. The numeric tower
9.1.2. Notes for type implementors
9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
9.1.2.2. 实现算术运算
9.2.
math
— 数学函数
9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
9.2.3. Trigonometric functions
9.2.4. Angular conversion
9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions
9.2.6. Special functions
9.2.7. Constants
9.3.
cmath
— 复数的数学函数
9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
9.3.3. Trigonometric functions
9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions
9.3.5. Classification functions
9.3.6. Constants
9.4.
decimal
— 十进制定点和浮点算术
9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
9.4.2. 十进制对象
9.4.2.1. Logical operands
9.4.3. Context objects
9.4.4. Signals
9.4.5. Floating Point Notes
9.4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
9.4.5.2. Special values
9.4.6. Working with threads
9.4.7. Recipes
9.4.8. Decimal FAQ
9.5.
fractions
— 有理数
9.6.
random
— 生成伪随机数
9.7.
itertools
— 创建高效循环迭代器的函数
9.7.1. Itertool functions
9.7.2. Recipes
9.8.
functools
— 可调用对象的高阶函数和操作
9.8.1.
partial
对象
9.9.
operator
— 作为函数的标准运算符
9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions
10. 文件和目录访问
10.1.
os.path
— 常见路径名操纵
10.2.
fileinput
— 遍历来自多个输入流的行
10.3.
stat
— 解释
stat()
结果
10.4.
statvfs
— Constants used with
os.statvfs()
10.5.
filecmp
— 文件和目录比较
10.5.1. The
dircmp
class
10.6.
tempfile
— 生成临时文件和目录
10.7.
glob
— Unix 样式路径名模式扩展
10.8.
fnmatch
— Unix 文件名模式匹配
10.9.
linecache
— 随机访问文本行
10.10.
shutil
— 高级文件操作
10.10.1. Directory and files operations
10.10.1.1. copytree example
10.10.2. Archiving operations
10.10.2.1. Archiving example
10.11.
dircache
— 缓存目录列表
10.12.
macpath
— Mac OS 9 路径操纵函数
11. 数据持久性
11.1.
pickle
— Python 对象序列化
11.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules
11.1.2. Data stream format
11.1.3. Usage
11.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?
11.1.5. The pickle protocol
11.1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances
11.1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types
11.1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects
11.1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers
11.1.7. Example
11.2.
cPickle
— A faster
pickle
11.3.
copy_reg
— 注册
pickle
支持函数
11.3.1. Example
11.4.
shelve
— Python 对象持久性
11.4.1. Restrictions
11.4.2. Example
11.5.
marshal
— 内部 Python 对象序列化
11.6.
anydbm
— 对 DBM 样式数据库的通用访问
11.7.
whichdb
— 猜测哪个 DBM 模块创建数据库
11.8.
dbm
— Simple “database” interface
11.9.
gdbm
— dbm 的 GNU 重新解释
11.10.
dbhash
— DBM 样式 BSD 数据库的库接口
11.10.1. Database Objects
11.11.
bsddb
— 接口到 Berkeley DB 库
11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects
11.12.
dumbdbm
— 便携式 DBM 实施
11.12.1. Dumbdbm Objects
11.13.
sqlite3
— SQLite 数据库的 DB-API 2.0 接口
11.13.1. 模块函数和常量
11.13.2. Connection 对象
11.13.3. Cursor 对象
11.13.4. Row 对象
11.13.5. SQLite 和 Python 类型
11.13.5.1. 介绍
11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases
11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself
11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable
11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types
11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters
11.13.6. Controlling Transactions
11.13.7. 使用
sqlite3
efficiently
11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods
11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index
11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager
11.13.8. Common issues
11.13.8.1. Multithreading
12. 数据压缩和存档
12.1.
zlib
— 压缩兼容
gzip
12.2.
gzip
— 支持
gzip
文件
12.2.1. Examples of usage
12.3.
bz2
— 压缩兼容
bzip2
12.3.1. (De)compression of files
12.3.2. Sequential (de)compression
12.3.3. One-shot (de)compression
12.4.
zipfile
— 处理 ZIP 存档
12.4.1. ZipFile Objects
12.4.2. PyZipFile Objects
12.4.3. ZipInfo Objects
12.5.
tarfile
— 读写 tar 存档文件
12.5.1. TarFile Objects
12.5.2. TarInfo Objects
12.5.3. Examples
12.5.4. Supported tar formats
12.5.5. Unicode issues
13. 文件格式
13.1.
csv
— CSV 文件读写
13.1.1. Module Contents
13.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters
13.1.3. Reader Objects
13.1.4. Writer Objects
13.1.5. Examples
13.2.
ConfigParser
— 配置文件剖析器
13.2.1. RawConfigParser Objects
13.2.2. ConfigParser Objects
13.2.3. SafeConfigParser Objects
13.2.4. Examples
13.3.
robotparser
— robots.txt 剖析器
13.4.
netrc
— netrc 文件处理
13.4.1. netrc Objects
13.5.
xdrlib
— 编码和解码 XDR 数据
13.5.1. Packer Objects
13.5.2. Unpacker Objects
13.5.3. Exceptions
13.6.
plistlib
— 生成和剖析 Mac OS X
.plist
文件
13.6.1. Examples
14. 加密服务
14.1.
hashlib
— 安全哈希和消息摘要
14.1.1. 键派生函数
14.2.
hmac
— 用于消息身份验证的键哈希
14.3.
md5
— MD5 消息摘要算法
14.4.
sha
— SHA-1 消息摘要算法
15. 通用操作系统服务
15.1.
os
— 杂项操作系统接口
15.1.1. Process Parameters
15.1.2. File Object Creation
15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations
15.1.3.1.
open()
标志常量
15.1.4. Files and Directories
15.1.5. Process Management
15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
15.2.
io
— 用于处理流的核心工具
15.2.1. Module Interface
15.2.2. I/O Base Classes
15.2.3. Raw File I/O
15.2.4. Buffered Streams
15.2.5. Text I/O
15.2.6. Advanced topics
15.2.6.1. Performance
15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/O
15.2.6.1.2. Text I/O
15.2.6.2. Multi-threading
15.2.6.3. Reentrancy
15.3.
time
— 时间的访问和转换
15.4.
argparse
— 用于命令行选项 自变量和子命令的剖析器
15.4.1. Example
15.4.1.1. Creating a parser
15.4.1.2. Adding arguments
15.4.1.3. Parsing arguments
15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects
15.4.2.1. prog
15.4.2.2. usage
15.4.2.3. description
15.4.2.4. epilog
15.4.2.5. parents
15.4.2.6. formatter_class
15.4.2.7. prefix_chars
15.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars
15.4.2.9. argument_default
15.4.2.10. conflict_handler
15.4.2.11. add_help
15.4.3. The add_argument() method
15.4.3.1. name or flags
15.4.3.2. action
15.4.3.3. nargs
15.4.3.4. const
15.4.3.5. default
15.4.3.6. type
15.4.3.7. choices
15.4.3.8. required
15.4.3.9. help
15.4.3.10. metavar
15.4.3.11. dest
15.4.3.12. Action classes
15.4.4. The parse_args() method
15.4.4.1. Option value syntax
15.4.4.2. Invalid arguments
15.4.4.3. Arguments containing
-
15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
15.4.4.5. Beyond
sys.argv
15.4.4.6. The Namespace object
15.4.5. Other utilities
15.4.5.1. Sub-commands
15.4.5.2. FileType objects
15.4.5.3. Argument groups
15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion
15.4.5.5. Parser defaults
15.4.5.6. Printing help
15.4.5.7. Partial parsing
15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing
15.4.5.9. Exiting methods
15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code
15.5.
optparse
— 用于命令行选项的剖析器
15.5.1. Background
15.5.1.1. Terminology
15.5.1.2. What are options for?
15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?
15.5.2. Tutorial
15.5.2.1. Understanding option actions
15.5.2.2. The store action
15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options
15.5.2.4. Other actions
15.5.2.5. Default values
15.5.2.6. Generating help
15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options
15.5.2.7. Printing a version string
15.5.2.8. How
optparse
handles errors
15.5.2.9. Putting it all together
15.5.3. Reference Guide
15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
15.5.3.3. Defining options
15.5.3.4. Option attributes
15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
15.5.3.6. Standard option types
15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments
15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
15.5.3.10. Cleanup
15.5.3.11. Other methods
15.5.4. Option Callbacks
15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
15.5.5. Extending
optparse
15.5.5.1. Adding new types
15.5.5.2. Adding new actions
15.6.
getopt
— 用于命令行选项的 C 样式剖析器
15.7.
logging
— 用于的 Python 日志设施
15.7.1. Logger Objects
15.7.2. Logging Levels
15.7.3. Handler Objects
15.7.4. Formatter Objects
15.7.5. Filter Objects
15.7.6. LogRecord Objects
15.7.7. LogRecord attributes
15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
15.7.9. Thread Safety
15.7.10. Module-Level Functions
15.7.11. Integration with the warnings module
15.8.
logging.config
— 日志配置
15.8.1. Configuration functions
15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema
15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details
15.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration
15.8.2.3. Object connections
15.8.2.4. User-defined objects
15.8.2.5. Access to external objects
15.8.2.6. Access to internal objects
15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers
15.8.3. Configuration file format
15.9.
logging.handlers
— 日志处理程序
15.9.1. StreamHandler
15.9.2. FileHandler
15.9.3. NullHandler
15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
15.9.7. SocketHandler
15.9.8. DatagramHandler
15.9.9. SysLogHandler
15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
15.9.11. SMTPHandler
15.9.12. MemoryHandler
15.9.13. HTTPHandler
15.10.
getpass
— 便携式口令输入
15.11.
curses
— 用于字符单元显示的终端处理
15.11.1. Functions
15.11.2. Window Objects
15.11.3. Constants
15.12.
curses.textpad
— 用于 curses 程序的文本输入 Widget
15.12.1. Textbox objects
15.13.
curses.ascii
— 用于 ASCII 字符的实用程序
15.14.
curses.panel
— 用于 curses 的面板堆栈扩展
15.14.1. Functions
15.14.2. Panel Objects
15.15.
platform
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
15.15.1. Cross Platform
15.15.2. Java Platform
15.15.3. Windows Platform
15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific
15.15.4. Mac OS Platform
15.15.5. Unix Platforms
15.16.
errno
— 标准 errno 系统符号
15.17.
ctypes
— 用于 Python 的外来函数库
15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
15.17.1.3. Calling functions
15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types
15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued
15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
15.17.1.8. Return types
15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
15.17.1.13. Arrays
15.17.1.14. Pointers
15.17.1.15. Type conversions
15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
15.17.1.17. Callback functions
15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
15.17.1.19. Surprises
15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
15.17.2. ctypes reference
15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries
15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries
15.17.2.3. Foreign functions
15.17.2.4. Function prototypes
15.17.2.5. Utility functions
15.17.2.6. Data types
15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types
15.17.2.8. Structured data types
15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers
16. 可选操作系统服务
16.1.
select
— 等待 I/O 完成
16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
16.1.2. Polling Objects
16.1.3. Kqueue Objects
16.1.4. Kevent Objects
16.2.
threading
— 更高级的线程接口
16.2.1. Thread Objects
16.2.2. Lock Objects
16.2.3. RLock Objects
16.2.4. Condition Objects
16.2.5. Semaphore Objects
16.2.5.1.
Semaphore
范例
16.2.6. Event Objects
16.2.7. Timer Objects
16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the
with
语句
16.2.9. Importing in threaded code
16.3.
thread
— 多线程控制
16.4.
dummy_threading
— 直接置换
threading
模块
16.5.
dummy_thread
— 直接置换
thread
模块
16.6.
multiprocessing
— Process-based “threading” interface
16.6.1. Introduction
16.6.1.1. The
Process
class
16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes
16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes
16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers
16.6.2. Reference
16.6.2.1.
Process
和异常
16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues
16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous
16.6.2.4. Connection Objects
16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives
16.6.2.6. Shared
ctypes
对象
16.6.2.6.1. The
multiprocessing.sharedctypes
模块
16.6.2.7. Managers
16.6.2.7.1. Namespace objects
16.6.2.7.2. Customized managers
16.6.2.7.3. Using a remote manager
16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects
16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup
16.6.2.9. Process Pools
16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients
16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats
16.6.2.11. Authentication keys
16.6.2.12. Logging
16.6.2.13. The
multiprocessing.dummy
模块
16.6.3. Programming guidelines
16.6.3.1. All platforms
16.6.3.2. Windows
16.6.4. Examples
16.7.
mmap
— 内存映射文件支持
16.8.
readline
— GNU Readline 接口
16.8.1. Example
16.9.
rlcompleter
— 用于 GNU Readline 的补全函数
16.9.1. Completer Objects
17. 进程间通信和网络
17.1.
subprocess
— 子进程管理
17.1.1. Using the
subprocess
模块
17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments
17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor
17.1.1.3. Exceptions
17.1.1.4. Security
17.1.2. Popen Objects
17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers
17.1.3.1. Constants
17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the
subprocess
模块
17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
17.1.4.3. Replacing
os.system()
17.1.4.4. Replacing the
os.spawn
family
17.1.4.5. Replacing
os.popen()
,
os.popen2()
,
os.popen3()
17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the
popen2
模块
17.1.5. Notes
17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
17.2.
socket
— 低级网络接口
17.2.1. Socket Objects
17.2.2. Example
17.3.
ssl
— 套接字对象的 TLS/SSL 包裹器
17.3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
17.3.1.1. Socket creation
17.3.1.2. Context creation
17.3.1.3. Random generation
17.3.1.4. Certificate handling
17.3.1.5. Constants
17.3.2. SSL Sockets
17.3.3. SSL Contexts
17.3.4. Certificates
17.3.4.1. Certificate chains
17.3.4.2. CA certificates
17.3.4.3. Combined key and certificate
17.3.4.4. Self-signed certificates
17.3.5. Examples
17.3.5.1. Testing for SSL support
17.3.5.2. Client-side operation
17.3.5.3. Server-side operation
17.3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets
17.3.7. Security considerations
17.3.7.1. Best defaults
17.3.7.2. Manual settings
17.3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates
17.3.7.2.2. Protocol versions
17.3.7.2.3. Cipher selection
17.3.7.3. Multi-processing
17.4.
signal
— 为异步事件设置处理程序
17.4.1. Example
17.5.
popen2
— 具有可访问 I/O 流的子流程
17.5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
17.5.2. Flow Control Issues
17.6.
asyncore
— 异步套接字处理程序
17.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client
17.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server
17.7.
asynchat
— 异步套接字命令/响应处理程序
17.7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes
17.7.2. asynchat Example
18. 互联网数据处理
18.1.
email
— Email 和 MIME 处理包
18.1.1.
email.message
：表示 Email 消息
18.1.2.
email.parser
: 剖析 Email 消息
18.1.2.1. FeedParser API
18.1.2.2. Parser class API
18.1.2.3. Additional notes
18.1.3.
email.generator
: 生成 MIME 文档
18.1.4.
email.mime
: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
18.1.5.
email.header
: Internationalized headers
18.1.6.
email.charset
: Representing character sets
18.1.7.
email.encoders
: Encoders
18.1.8.
email.errors
: Exception and Defect classes
18.1.9.
email.utils
: Miscellaneous utilities
18.1.10.
email.iterators
: Iterators
18.1.11.
email
：范例
18.1.12. Package History
18.1.13. Differences from
mimelib
18.2.
json
— JSON 编码器和解码器
18.2.1. Basic Usage
18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders
18.2.3. Standard Compliance
18.2.3.1. Character Encodings
18.2.3.2. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values
18.2.3.3. Infinite and NaN Number Values
18.2.3.4. Repeated Names Within an Object
18.3.
mailcap
— Mailcap 文件处理
18.4.
mailbox
— 操纵各种格式的邮箱
18.4.1.
Mailbox
对象
18.4.1.1.
Maildir
18.4.1.2.
mbox
18.4.1.3.
MH
18.4.1.4.
Babyl
18.4.1.5.
MMDF
18.4.2.
Message
对象
18.4.2.1.
MaildirMessage
18.4.2.2.
mboxMessage
18.4.2.3.
MHMessage
18.4.2.4.
BabylMessage
18.4.2.5.
MMDFMessage
18.4.3. Exceptions
18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods
18.4.5. Examples
18.5.
mhlib
— Access to MH mailboxes
18.5.1. MH Objects
18.5.2. Folder Objects
18.5.3. Message Objects
18.6.
mimetools
— Tools for parsing MIME messages
18.6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects
18.7.
mimetypes
— 把文件名映射到 MIME 类型
18.7.1. MimeTypes Objects
18.8.
MimeWriter
— Generic MIME file writer
18.8.1. MimeWriter Objects
18.9.
mimify
— MIME processing of mail messages
18.10.
multifile
— Support for files containing distinct parts
18.10.1. MultiFile Objects
18.10.2.
MultiFile
范例
18.11.
rfc822
— Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
18.11.1. Message Objects
18.11.2. AddressList Objects
18.12.
base64
— RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
18.13.
binhex
— 编码和解码 binhex4 文件
18.13.1. Notes
18.14.
binascii
— 在二进制和 ASCII 之间转换
18.15.
quopri
— 编码和解码 MIME 带引号可打印数据
18.16.
uu
— 编码和解码 uuencode 文件
19. 结构化标记处理工具
19.1.
HTMLParser
— 简单 HTML 和 XHTML 剖析器
19.1.1. Example HTML Parser Application
19.1.2.
HTMLParser
方法
19.1.3. Examples
19.2.
sgmllib
— 简单 SGML 剖析器
19.3.
htmllib
— HTML 文档剖析器
19.3.1. HTMLParser Objects
19.4.
htmlentitydefs
— HTML 一般实体的定义
19.5. XML 处理模块
19.6. XML 弱点
19.6.1. defused packages
19.7.
xml.etree.ElementTree
— ElementTree XML API
19.7.1. Tutorial
19.7.1.1. XML tree and elements
19.7.1.2. Parsing XML
19.7.1.3. Finding interesting elements
19.7.1.4. Modifying an XML File
19.7.1.5. Building XML documents
19.7.1.6. Additional resources
19.7.2. XPath support
19.7.2.1. Example
19.7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax
19.7.3. Reference
19.7.3.1. Functions
19.7.3.2. Element Objects
19.7.3.3. ElementTree Objects
19.7.3.4. QName Objects
19.7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects
19.7.3.6. XMLParser Objects
19.8.
xml.dom
— DOM (文档对象模型) API
19.8.1. Module Contents
19.8.2. Objects in the DOM
19.8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
19.8.2.2. Node Objects
19.8.2.3. NodeList Objects
19.8.2.4. DocumentType Objects
19.8.2.5. Document Objects
19.8.2.6. Element Objects
19.8.2.7. Attr Objects
19.8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
19.8.2.9. Comment Objects
19.8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
19.8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
19.8.2.12. Exceptions
19.8.3. Conformance
19.8.3.1. Type Mapping
19.8.3.2. Accessor Methods
19.9.
xml.dom.minidom
— 最小 DOM (文档对象模型) 实现
19.9.1. DOM Objects
19.9.2. DOM Example
19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard
19.10.
xml.dom.pulldom
— 支持构建部分 DOM (文档对象模型) 树
19.10.1. DOMEventStream Objects
19.11.
xml.sax
— 支持 SAX2 剖析器
19.11.1. SAXException Objects
19.12.
xml.sax.handler
— 用于 SAX 处理程序的基类
19.12.1. ContentHandler Objects
19.12.2. DTDHandler Objects
19.12.3. EntityResolver Objects
19.12.4. ErrorHandler Objects
19.13.
xml.sax.saxutils
— SAX 实用程序
19.14.
xml.sax.xmlreader
— 用于 XML 剖析器的接口
19.14.1. XMLReader Objects
19.14.2. IncrementalParser Objects
19.14.3. Locator Objects
19.14.4. InputSource Objects
19.14.5. The
属性
Interface
19.14.6. The
AttributesNS
Interface
19.15.
xml.parsers.expat
— 使用 Expat 快速剖析 XML
19.15.1. XMLParser Objects
19.15.2. ExpatError Exceptions
19.15.3. Example
19.15.4. Content Model Descriptions
19.15.5. Expat error constants
20. 互联网协议和支持
20.1.
webbrowser
— 方便的 Web 浏览器控制器
20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects
20.2.
cgi
— 通用网关接口支持
20.2.1. Introduction
20.2.2. Using the cgi module
20.2.3. Higher Level Interface
20.2.4. Old classes
20.2.5. Functions
20.2.6. Caring about security
20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
20.2.8. Testing your CGI script
20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts
20.2.10. Common problems and solutions
20.3.
cgitb
— CGI 脚本的回溯管理器
20.4.
wsgiref
— WSGI 实用程序和参考实现
20.4.1.
wsgiref.util
– WSGI environment utilities
20.4.2.
wsgiref.headers
– WSGI response header tools
20.4.3.
wsgiref.simple_server
– a simple WSGI HTTP server
20.4.4.
wsgiref.validate
— WSGI conformance checker
20.4.5.
wsgiref.handlers
– server/gateway base classes
20.4.6. Examples
20.5.
urllib
— 按 URL 打开任意资源
20.5.1. High-level interface
20.5.2. Utility functions
20.5.3. URL Opener objects
20.5.4.
urllib
限定
20.5.5. Examples
20.6.
urllib2
— 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
20.6.1. Request Objects
20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
20.6.16. FileHandler Objects
20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects
20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
20.6.21. Examples
20.7.
httplib
— HTTP 协议客户端
20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects
20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects
20.7.3. Examples
20.8.
ftplib
— FTP 协议客户端
20.8.1. FTP Objects
20.8.2. FTP_TLS Objects
20.9.
poplib
— POP3 协议客户端
20.9.1. POP3 Objects
20.9.2. POP3 Example
20.10.
imaplib
— IMAP4 协议客户端
20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects
20.10.2. IMAP4 Example
20.11.
nntplib
— NNTP 协议客户端
20.11.1. NNTP Objects
20.12.
smtplib
— SMTP 协议客户端
20.12.1. SMTP Objects
20.12.2. SMTP Example
20.13.
smtpd
— SMTP 服务器
20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects
20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects
20.13.3. PureProxy Objects
20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects
20.14.
telnetlib
— Telnet 客户端
20.14.1. Telnet Objects
20.14.2. Telnet Example
20.15.
uuid
— UUID 对象根据 RFC 4122
20.15.1. Example
20.16.
urlparse
— 把 URL 剖析成组件
20.16.1. Results of
urlparse()
and
urlsplit()
20.17.
SocketServer
— 网络服务器框架
20.17.1. Server Creation Notes
20.17.2. Server Objects
20.17.3. RequestHandler Objects
20.17.4. Examples
20.17.4.1.
SocketServer.TCPServer
范例
20.17.4.2.
SocketServer.UDPServer
范例
20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
20.18.
BaseHTTPServer
— 基本 HTTP 服务器
20.18.1. More examples
20.19.
SimpleHTTPServer
— 简单 HTTP 请求处理程序
20.20.
CGIHTTPServer
— 支持 CGI 的 HTTP 请求处理程序
20.21.
cookielib
— 用于 HTTP 客户端的 Cookie 处理
20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects
20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
20.21.5. Cookie Objects
20.21.6. Examples
20.22.
Cookie
— HTTP 状态管理
20.22.1. Cookie Objects
20.22.2. Morsel Objects
20.22.3. Example
20.23.
xmlrpclib
— XML-RPC 客户端访问
20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects
20.23.2. Boolean Objects
20.23.3. DateTime Objects
20.23.4. Binary Objects
20.23.5. Fault Objects
20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects
20.23.7. MultiCall Objects
20.23.8. Convenience Functions
20.23.9. Example of Client Usage
20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage
20.24.
SimpleXMLRPCServer
— 基本 XML-RPC 服务器
20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
20.25.
DocXMLRPCServer
— 自文档 XML-RPC 服务器
20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
20.25.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
21. 多媒体服务
21.1.
audioop
— 操纵原生音频数据
21.2.
imageop
— 操纵原生图像数据
21.3.
aifc
— 读写 AIFF 和 AIFC 文件
21.4.
sunau
— 读写 Sun AU 文件
21.4.1. AU_read Objects
21.4.2. AU_write Objects
21.5.
wave
— 读写 WAV 文件
21.5.1. Wave_read Objects
21.5.2. Wave_write Objects
21.6.
chunk
— 读取 IFF 分块数据
21.7.
colorsys
— 颜色系统之间的转换
21.8.
imghdr
— 确定图像类型
21.9.
sndhdr
— 确定声音文件类型
21.10.
ossaudiodev
— 访问 OSS 兼容音频设备
21.10.1. Audio Device Objects
21.10.2. Mixer Device Objects
22. 国际化
22.1.
gettext
— 多语言国际化服务
22.1.1. GNU
gettext
API
22.1.2. Class-based API
22.1.2.1. The
NullTranslations
class
22.1.2.2. The
GNUTranslations
class
22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support
22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor
22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules
22.1.3.1. Localizing your module
22.1.3.2. Localizing your application
22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly
22.1.3.4. Deferred translations
22.1.3.5.
gettext()
vs.
lgettext()
22.1.4. Acknowledgements
22.2.
locale
— 国际化服务
22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python
22.2.3. Access to message catalogs
23. 程序框架
23.1.
cmd
— 支持面向行的命令解释器
23.1.1. Cmd Objects
23.2.
shlex
— 简单的词法分析
23.2.1. shlex Objects
23.2.2. Parsing Rules
24. 采用 Tk 的图形用户界面
24.1.
Tkinter
— 到 Tcl/Tk 的 Python 接口
24.1.1. Tkinter Modules
24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section
24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
24.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
24.1.6. Handy Reference
24.1.6.1. Setting Options
24.1.6.2. The Packer
24.1.6.3. Packer Options
24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
24.1.6.5. The Window Manager
24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events
24.1.6.8. The index Parameter
24.1.6.9. Images
24.2.
ttk
— Tk 主题 Widget
24.2.1. Using Ttk
24.2.2. Ttk Widgets
24.2.3. Widget
24.2.3.1. Standard Options
24.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
24.2.3.3. Label Options
24.2.3.4. Compatibility Options
24.2.3.5. Widget States
24.2.3.6. ttk.Widget
24.2.4. Combobox
24.2.4.1. Options
24.2.4.2. Virtual events
24.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
24.2.5. Notebook
24.2.5.1. Options
24.2.5.2. Tab Options
24.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
24.2.5.4. Virtual Events
24.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
24.2.6. Progressbar
24.2.6.1. Options
24.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
24.2.7. Separator
24.2.7.1. Options
24.2.8. Sizegrip
24.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
24.2.8.2. Bugs
24.2.9. Treeview
24.2.9.1. Options
24.2.9.2. Item Options
24.2.9.3. Tag Options
24.2.9.4. Column Identifiers
24.2.9.5. Virtual Events
24.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
24.2.10. Ttk Styling
24.2.10.1. Layouts
24.3.
Tix
— 用于 Tk 的扩展 Widget
24.3.1. Using Tix
24.3.2. Tix Widgets
24.3.2.1. Basic Widgets
24.3.2.2. File Selectors
24.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
24.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
24.3.2.5. Manager Widgets
24.3.2.6. Image Types
24.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
24.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
24.3.3. Tix Commands
24.4.
ScrolledText
— 卷动文本 Widget
24.5.
turtle
— Turtle graphics for Tk
24.5.1. Introduction
24.5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
24.5.2.1. Turtle methods
24.5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
24.5.3.1. Turtle motion
24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement
24.5.3.4. Pen control
24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state
24.5.3.4.2. Color control
24.5.3.4.3. Filling
24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control
24.5.3.5. Turtle state
24.5.3.5.1. Visibility
24.5.3.5.2. Appearance
24.5.3.6. Using events
24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
24.5.4.1. Window control
24.5.4.2. Animation control
24.5.4.3. Using screen events
24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods
24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
24.5.5. The public classes of the module
turtle
24.5.6. Help and configuration
24.5.6.1. How to use help
24.5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
24.5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
24.5.7. Demo scripts
24.6. IDLE
24.6.1. Menus
24.6.1.1. File menu
24.6.1.2. Edit menu
24.6.1.3. Windows menu
24.6.1.4. Debug menu
24.6.1.5. Edit context menu
24.6.1.6. Shell context menu
24.6.2. Basic editing and navigation
24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation
24.6.2.2. Python Shell window
24.6.3. Syntax colors
24.6.4. Startup
24.6.4.1. Command line usage
24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
25. 开发工具
25.1.
pydoc
— 文档编制生成器和在线帮助系统
25.2.
doctest
— 测试交互 Python 范例
25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
25.2.3. How It Works
25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?
25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?
25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?
25.2.3.5. Option Flags
25.2.3.6. Directives
25.2.3.7. Warnings
25.2.4. Basic API
25.2.5. Unittest API
25.2.6. Advanced API
25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects
25.2.6.2. Example Objects
25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects
25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects
25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects
25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects
25.2.7. Debugging
25.2.8. Soapbox
25.3.
unittest
— 单元测试框架
25.3.1. Basic example
25.3.2. Command-Line Interface
25.3.2.1. Command-line options
25.3.3. Test Discovery
25.3.4. Organizing test code
25.3.5. Re-using old test code
25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
25.3.7. Classes and functions
25.3.7.1. Test cases
25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases
25.3.7.2. Grouping tests
25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests
25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol
25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
25.3.9. Signal Handling
25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
25.4.1. Using 2to3
25.4.2. Fixers
25.4.3.
lib2to3
- 2to3’s library
25.5.
test
— 用于 Python 的回归测试包
25.5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the
test
package
25.5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface
25.6.
test.test_support
— Utility functions for tests
26. 调试和剖析
26.1.
bdb
— 调试器框架
26.2.
pdb
— Python 调试器
26.3. Debugger Commands
26.4. The Python Profilers
26.4.1. Introduction to the profilers
26.4.2. Instant User’s Manual
26.4.3.
profile
and
cProfile
Module Reference
26.4.4. The
Stats
Class
26.4.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?
26.4.6. Limitations
26.4.7. Calibration
26.4.8. Using a custom timer
26.5.
hotshot
— High performance logging profiler
26.5.1. Profile Objects
26.5.2. Using hotshot data
26.5.3. Example Usage
26.6.
timeit
— 度量小代码段的执行时间
26.6.1. Basic Examples
26.6.2. Python Interface
26.6.3. Command-Line Interface
26.6.4. Examples
26.7.
trace
— 跟踪或追踪 Python 语句的执行
26.7.1. Command-Line Usage
26.7.1.1. Main options
26.7.1.2. Modifiers
26.7.1.3. Filters
26.7.2. Programmatic Interface
27. Software Packaging and Distribution
27.1.
distutils
— 构建和安装 Python 模块
27.2.
ensurepip
— 自引导
pip
安装程序
27.2.1. Command line interface
27.2.2. Module API
28. Python 运行时服务
28.1.
sys
— 特定系统参数和函数
28.2.
sysconfig
— 提供对 Python 配置信息的访问
28.2.1. Configuration variables
28.2.2. Installation paths
28.2.3. Other functions
28.3.
__builtin__
— 内容对象
28.4.
future_builtins
— Python 3 builtins
28.5.
__main__
— 顶层脚本环境
28.6.
warnings
— 警告控制
28.6.1. Warning Categories
28.6.2. The Warnings Filter
28.6.2.1. Default Warning Filters
28.6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
28.6.4. Testing Warnings
28.6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python
28.6.6. Available Functions
28.6.7. Available Context Managers
28.7.
contextlib
— 实用程序为
with
语句上下文
28.8.
abc
— 抽象基类
28.9.
atexit
— 退出处理程序
28.9.1.
atexit
范例
28.10.
traceback
— 打印或检索堆栈回溯
28.10.1. Traceback Examples
28.11.
__future__
— 未来的语句定义
28.12.
gc
— 垃圾收集器接口
28.13.
inspect
— 审查活对象
28.13.1. Types and members
28.13.2. Retrieving source code
28.13.3. Classes and functions
28.13.4. The interpreter stack
28.14.
site
— 特定站点配置挂钩
28.15.
user
— User-specific configuration hook
28.16.
fpectl
— 浮点异常控制
28.16.1. Example
28.16.2. Limitations and other considerations
29. 自定义 Python 解释器
29.1.
code
— 解释器基类
29.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects
29.1.2. Interactive Console Objects
29.2.
codeop
— 编译 Python 代码
30. 限定执行
30.1.
rexec
— 限定执行框架
30.1.1. RExec Objects
30.1.2. Defining restricted environments
30.1.3. An example
30.2.
Bastion
— 对象访问限定
31. 导入模块
31.1.
imp
— 访问
import
内部
31.1.1. Examples
31.2.
importlib
– Convenience wrappers for
__import__()
31.3.
imputil
— Import utilities
31.3.1. Examples
31.4.
zipimport
— 导入模块从 Zip 存档
31.4.1. zipimporter Objects
31.4.2. Examples
31.5.
pkgutil
— 包扩展实用程序
31.6.
modulefinder
— 查找用于脚本的模块
31.6.1. Example usage of
ModuleFinder
31.7.
runpy
— 定位和执行 Python 模块
32. Python 语言服务
32.1.
parser
— 访问 Python 剖析树
32.1.1. Creating ST Objects
32.1.2. Converting ST Objects
32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects
32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling
32.1.5. ST Objects
32.1.6. Example: Emulation of
compile()
32.2.
ast
— 抽象句法树
32.2.1. Node classes
32.2.2. Abstract Grammar
32.2.3.
ast
Helpers
32.3.
symtable
— 访问编译器的符号表
32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables
32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables
32.4.
symbol
— 用于 Python 剖析树的常量
32.5.
token
— 用于 Python 剖析树的常量
32.6.
keyword
— 测试 Python 关键字
32.7.
tokenize
— 用于 Python 源代码的 Tokenizer
32.8.
tabnanny
— 歧义缩进的检测
32.9.
pyclbr
— Python 类浏览器支持
32.9.1. Class Objects
32.9.2. Function Objects
32.10.
py_compile
— 编译 Python 源文件
32.11.
compileall
— 字节编译 Python 库
32.11.1. Command-line use
32.11.2. Public functions
32.12.
dis
— 用于 Python 字节码的反汇编程序
32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions
32.13.
pickletools
— 用于腌制开发者的工具
33. Python 编译器包
33.1. The basic interface
33.2. Limitations
33.3. Python Abstract Syntax
33.3.1. AST Nodes
33.3.2. Assignment nodes
33.3.3. Examples
33.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
33.5. Bytecode Generation
34. 杂项服务
34.1.
formatter
— 通用输出格式
34.1.1. formatter 接口
34.1.2. formatter 实现
34.1.3. writer 接口
34.1.4. writer 实现
35. MS Windows 特定服务
35.1.
msilib
— 读写 Microsoft Installer 文件
35.1.1. Database Objects
35.1.2. View Objects
35.1.3. Summary Information Objects
35.1.4. Record Objects
35.1.5. Errors
35.1.6. CAB Objects
35.1.7. Directory Objects
35.1.8. Features
35.1.9. GUI classes
35.1.10. Precomputed tables
35.2.
msvcrt
– 来自 MS VC++ Runtime 的有用例程
35.2.1. File Operations
35.2.2. Console I/O
35.2.3. Other Functions
35.3.
_winreg
– Windows 注册表访问
35.3.1. Constants
35.3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants
35.3.1.2. Access Rights
35.3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific
35.3.1.3. Value Types
35.3.2. Registry Handle Objects
35.4.
winsound
— Windows 声音播放接口
36. Unix 特定服务
36.1.
posix
— 最常见的 POSIX 系统调用
36.1.1. Large File Support
36.1.2. Notable Module Contents
36.2.
pwd
— 口令数据库
36.3.
spwd
— 影子口令数据库
36.4.
grp
— 组数据库
36.5.
crypt
— 校验 Unix 密码的函数
36.6.
dl
— Call C functions in shared objects
36.6.1. Dl Objects
36.7.
termios
— POSIX 样式 tty 控制
36.7.1. Example
36.8.
tty
— 终端控制函数
36.9.
pty
— 伪终端实用程序
36.10.
fcntl
—
fcntl
and
ioctl
系统调用
36.11.
pipes
— Shell 管道接口
36.11.1. Template Objects
36.12.
posixfile
— File-like objects with locking support
36.13.
resource
— 资源使用信息
36.13.1. Resource Limits
36.13.2. Resource Usage
36.14.
nis
— 接口到 Sun 的 NIS (黄页)
36.15.
syslog
— Unix syslog 库例程
36.15.1. Examples
36.15.1.1. Simple example
36.16.
commands
— Utilities for running commands
37. Mac OS X 特定服务
37.1.
ic
— Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
37.1.1. IC Objects
37.2.
MacOS
— Access to Mac OS interpreter features
37.3.
macostools
— Convenience routines for file manipulation
37.4.
findertools
—
finder
‘s Apple Events interface
37.5.
EasyDialogs
— Basic Macintosh dialogs
37.5.1. ProgressBar Objects
37.6.
FrameWork
— Interactive application framework
37.6.1. Application Objects
37.6.2. Window Objects
37.6.3. ControlsWindow Object
37.6.4. ScrolledWindow Object
37.6.5. DialogWindow Objects
37.7.
autoGIL
— Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
37.8.1.
Carbon.AE
— Apple Events
37.8.2.
Carbon.AH
— Apple Help
37.8.3.
Carbon.App
— Appearance Manager
37.8.4.
Carbon.Appearance
— Appearance Manager constants
37.8.5.
Carbon.CF
— Core Foundation
37.8.6.
Carbon.CG
— Core Graphics
37.8.7.
Carbon.CarbonEvt
— Carbon Event Manager
37.8.8.
Carbon.CarbonEvents
— Carbon Event Manager constants
37.8.9.
Carbon.Cm
— Component Manager
37.8.10.
Carbon.Components
— Component Manager constants
37.8.11.
Carbon.ControlAccessor
— Control Manager accssors
37.8.12.
Carbon.Controls
— Control Manager constants
37.8.13.
Carbon.CoreFounation
— CoreFounation constants
37.8.14.
Carbon.CoreGraphics
— CoreGraphics constants
37.8.15.
Carbon.Ctl
— Control Manager
37.8.16.
Carbon.Dialogs
— Dialog Manager constants
37.8.17.
Carbon.Dlg
— Dialog Manager
37.8.18.
Carbon.Drag
— Drag and Drop Manager
37.8.19.
Carbon.Dragconst
— Drag and Drop Manager constants
37.8.20.
Carbon.Events
— Event Manager constants
37.8.21.
Carbon.Evt
— Event Manager
37.8.22.
Carbon.File
— File Manager
37.8.23.
Carbon.Files
— File Manager constants
37.8.24.
Carbon.Fm
— Font Manager
37.8.25.
Carbon.Folder
— Folder Manager
37.8.26.
Carbon.Folders
— Folder Manager constants
37.8.27.
Carbon.Fonts
— Font Manager constants
37.8.28.
Carbon.Help
— Help Manager
37.8.29.
Carbon.IBCarbon
— Carbon InterfaceBuilder
37.8.30.
Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime
— Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants
37.8.31.
Carbon.Icn
— Carbon Icon Manager
37.8.32.
Carbon.Icons
— Carbon Icon Manager constants
37.8.33.
Carbon.Launch
— Carbon Launch Services
37.8.34.
Carbon.LaunchServices
— Carbon Launch Services constants
37.8.35.
Carbon.List
— List Manager
37.8.36.
Carbon.Lists
— List Manager constants
37.8.37.
Carbon.MacHelp
— Help Manager constants
37.8.38.
Carbon.MediaDescr
— Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors
37.8.39.
Carbon.Menu
— Menu Manager
37.8.40.
Carbon.Menus
— Menu Manager constants
37.8.41.
Carbon.Mlte
— MultiLingual Text Editor
37.8.42.
Carbon.OSA
— Carbon OSA Interface
37.8.43.
Carbon.OSAconst
— Carbon OSA Interface constants
37.8.44.
Carbon.QDOffscreen
— QuickDraw Offscreen constants
37.8.45.
Carbon.Qd
— QuickDraw
37.8.46.
Carbon.Qdoffs
— QuickDraw Offscreen
37.8.47.
Carbon.Qt
— QuickTime
37.8.48.
Carbon.QuickDraw
— QuickDraw constants
37.8.49.
Carbon.QuickTime
— QuickTime constants
37.8.50.
Carbon.Res
— Resource Manager and Handles
37.8.51.
Carbon.Resources
— Resource Manager and Handles constants
37.8.52.
Carbon.Scrap
— Scrap Manager
37.8.53.
Carbon.Snd
— Sound Manager
37.8.54.
Carbon.Sound
— Sound Manager constants
37.8.55.
Carbon.TE
— TextEdit
37.8.56.
Carbon.TextEdit
— TextEdit constants
37.8.57.
Carbon.Win
— Window Manager
37.8.58.
Carbon.Windows
— Window Manager constants
37.9.
ColorPicker
— Color selection dialog
38. MacPython OSA 模块
38.1.
gensuitemodule
— Generate OSA stub packages
38.2.
aetools
— OSA 客户端支持
38.3.
aepack
— Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
38.4.
aetypes
— AppleEvent 对象
38.5.
MiniAEFrame
— Open Scripting Architecture server support
38.5.1. AEServer Objects
39. SGI IRIX 特定服务
39.1.
al
— Audio functions on the SGI
39.1.1. Configuration Objects
39.1.2. Port Objects
39.2.
AL
— Constants used with the
al
模块
39.3.
cd
— CD-ROM access on SGI systems
39.3.1. Player Objects
39.3.2. Parser Objects
39.4.
fl
— FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
39.4.1. Functions Defined in Module
fl
39.4.2. Form Objects
39.4.3. FORMS Objects
39.5.
FL
— Constants used with the
fl
模块
39.6.
flp
— Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
39.7.
fm
—
Font Manager
interface
39.8.
gl
—
Graphics Library
interface
39.9.
DEVICE
— Constants used with the
gl
模块
39.10.
GL
— Constants used with the
gl
模块
39.11.
imgfile
— Support for SGI imglib files
39.12.
jpeg
— Read and write JPEG files
40. SunOS 特定服务
40.1.
sunaudiodev
— 访问 Sun 音频硬件
40.1.1. Audio Device Objects
40.2.
SUNAUDIODEV
— Constants used with
sunaudiodev
41. 未文档化模块
41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
41.2. Platform specific modules
41.3. Multimedia
41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
41.4.1.
applesingle
— AppleSingle decoder
41.4.2.
buildtools
— Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
41.4.3.
cfmfile
— Code Fragment Resource module
41.4.4.
icopen
— Internet Config replacement for
open()
41.4.5.
macerrors
— Mac OS Errors
41.4.6.
macresource
— Locate script resources
41.4.7.
Nav
— NavServices calls
41.4.8.
PixMapWrapper
— Wrapper for PixMap objects
41.4.9.
videoreader
— Read QuickTime movies
41.4.10.
W
— Widgets built on
FrameWork
41.5. 过时
41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules
扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
1. 以 C/C++ 扩展 Python
1.1. 简单范例
1.2. 间奏曲：错误和异常
1.3. 回到范例
1.4. 模块方法表和初始化函数
1.5. 编译和连锁
1.6. 从 C 调用 Python 函数
1.7. 提取扩展函数参数
1.8. 扩展函数的关键字参数
1.9. 构建任意值
1.10. 引用计数
1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python
1.10.2. Ownership Rules
1.10.3. Thin Ice
1.10.4. NULL Pointers
1.11. 以 C++ 编写扩展
1.12. 为扩展模块提供 C API
2. Defining New Types
2.1. 基础
2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example
2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes
2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection
2.1.4. Subclassing other types
2.2. Type Methods
2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation
2.2.2. Object Presentation
2.2.3. Attribute Management
2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management
2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management
2.2.4. Object Comparison
2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support
2.2.6. Weak Reference Support
2.2.7. More Suggestions
3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
3.1. Distributing your extension modules
4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
4.1. A Cookbook Approach
4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows
4.3. Using DLLs in Practice
5. Embedding Python in Another Application
5.1. Very High Level Embedding
5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
5.3. Pure Embedding
5.4. Extending Embedded Python
5.5. Embedding Python in C++
5.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems
Python/C API 参考手册
介绍
包括文件
对象 类型和引用计数
Reference Counts
Reference Count Details
Types
异常
嵌入 Python
调试构建
很高级层
引用计数
异常处理
Unicode 异常对象
递归控制
标准异常
String Exceptions
实用工具
操作系统实用工具
系统函数
进程控制
导入模块
数据编组支持
解析自变量和构建值
字符串转换和格式化
反射
编解码器注册和支持函数
Codec lookup API
Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers
抽象对象层
对象协议
Number Protocol
序列协议
映射协议
迭代器协议
旧缓冲协议
具体对象层
Fundamental Objects
类型对象
The None Object
Numeric Objects
Plain Integer Objects
Boolean Objects
Long Integer Objects
Floating Point Objects
Complex Number Objects
Complex Numbers as C Structures
Complex Numbers as Python Objects
序列对象
Byte Array Objects
Type check macros
Direct API functions
宏
String/Bytes Objects
Unicode Objects and Codecs
Unicode Objects
Unicode Type
Unicode Character Properties
Plain Py_UNICODE
wchar_t Support
Built-in Codecs
Generic Codecs
UTF-8 Codecs
UTF-32 Codecs
UTF-16 Codecs
UTF-7 Codecs
Unicode-Escape Codecs
Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
Latin-1 Codecs
ASCII Codecs
Character Map Codecs
MBCS codecs for Windows
Methods & Slots
Methods and Slot Functions
Buffers and Memoryview Objects
The new-style Py_buffer struct
Buffer related functions
MemoryView objects
Old-style buffer objects
Tuple Objects
List Objects
Mapping Objects
Dictionary Objects
其它对象
Class and Instance Objects
函数对象
Method Objects
文件对象
Module Objects
Iterator Objects
Descriptor Objects
Slice Objects
Weak Reference Objects
Capsules
CObjects
Cell Objects
Generator Objects
DateTime Objects
Set Objects
Code Objects
初始化 定稿和线程
初始化和定稿解释器
进程范围参数
线程状态和 GIL (全局解释器锁)
Releasing the GIL from extension code
Non-Python created threads
High-level API
Low-level API
子解释器支持
Bugs and caveats
异步通知
剖析和跟踪
高级调试器支持
内存管理
概述
内存接口
范例
对象实施支持
在堆上分配对象
Common Object Structures
类型对象
Number Object Structures
映射对象结构
序列对象结构
缓冲对象结构
支持循环垃圾收集
分发 Python 模块
Key terms
Open source licensing and collaboration
Installing the tools
Reading the guide
How do I...?
... choose a name for my project?
... create and distribute binary extensions?
安装 Python 模块
Key terms
基本用法
How do I ...?
... install
pip
in versions of Python prior to Python 2.7.9?
... install packages just for the current user?
... install scientific Python packages?
... work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?
Common installation issues
Installing into the system Python on Linux
Installing binary extensions
Python 怎么样
Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3
The Short Version
Before You Begin
Writing Source-Compatible Python 2/3 Code
Projects to Consider
Tips & Tricks
Support Python 2.7
Try to Support Python 2.6 and Newer Only
from
__future__
import
print_function
from
__future__
import
unicode_literals
Bytes/string literals
from
__future__
import
absolute_import
Supporting Python 2.5 and Newer Only
from
__future__
import
absolute_import
Mark all Unicode strings with a
u
prefix
Capturing the Currently Raised Exception
Handle Common “Gotchas”
from
__future__
import
division
Specify when opening a file as binary
Text files
Subclass
object
Deal With the Bytes/String Dichotomy
Mark Up Python 2 String Literals
Decide what APIs Will Accept
Bytes / Unicode Comparison
Indexing bytes objects
__str__()
/
__unicode__()
Don’t Index on Exceptions
Don’t use
__getslice__
& Friends
Updating doctests
Update
map
for imbalanced input sequences
Eliminate
-3
Warnings
Alternative Approaches
Supporting Only Python 3 Going Forward From Python 2 Code
Backporting Python 3 code to Python 2
Other Resources
Porting Extension Modules to Python 3
Conditional compilation
Changes to Object APIs
str/unicode Unification
long/int Unification
Module initialization and state
CObject replaced with Capsule
Other options
Curses Programming with Python
What is curses?
The Python curses module
Starting and ending a curses application
Windows and Pads
Displaying Text
Attributes and Color
用户输入
For More Information
Descriptor HowTo Guide
抽象
Definition and Introduction
Descriptor Protocol
Invoking Descriptors
Descriptor Example
特性
Functions and Methods
Static Methods and Class Methods
Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
Language Constructs You Should Not Use
from module import *
Inside Function Definitions
At Module Level
When It Is Just Fine
Unadorned
exec
,
execfile()
and friends
from module import name1, name2
except:
异常
Using the Batteries
Using Backslash to Continue Statements
Functional Programming HOWTO
介绍
Formal provability
Modularity
Ease of debugging and testing
Composability
迭代器
Data Types That Support Iterators
Generator expressions and list comprehensions
生成器
Passing values into a generator
内置函数
Small functions and the lambda expression
The itertools module
Creating new iterators
Calling functions on elements
Selecting elements
Grouping elements
The functools module
The operator module
Revision History and Acknowledgements
参考
General
Python-specific
Python documentation
Logging HOWTO
Basic Logging Tutorial
When to use logging
简单范例
Logging to a file
Logging from multiple modules
Logging variable data
Changing the format of displayed messages
Displaying the date/time in messages
Next Steps
Advanced Logging Tutorial
Logging Flow
Loggers
Handlers
Formatters
Configuring Logging
What happens if no configuration is provided
Configuring Logging for a Library
Logging Levels
Custom Levels
Useful Handlers
Exceptions raised during logging
Using arbitrary objects as messages
优化
Logging Cookbook
Using logging in multiple modules
Multiple handlers and formatters
Logging to multiple destinations
Configuration server example
Sending and receiving logging events across a network
Adding contextual information to your logging output
Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information
Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information
Using Filters to impart contextual information
Logging to a single file from multiple processes
Using file rotation
An example dictionary-based configuration
Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
Implementing structured logging
Customizing handlers with
dictConfig()
Configuring filters with
dictConfig()
Regular Expression HOWTO
介绍
Simple Patterns
Matching Characters
Repeating Things
Using Regular Expressions
Compiling Regular Expressions
The Backslash Plague
Performing Matches
Module-Level Functions
Compilation Flags
More Pattern Power
More Metacharacters
Grouping
Non-capturing and Named Groups
Lookahead Assertions
Modifying Strings
Splitting Strings
搜索和替换
Common Problems
Use String Methods
match() versus search()
Greedy versus Non-Greedy
Using re.VERBOSE
Feedback
Socket Programming HOWTO
Sockets
History
Creating a Socket
IPC
Using a Socket
Binary Data
Disconnecting
When Sockets Die
Non-blocking Sockets
性能
Sorting HOW TO
Sorting Basics
Key Functions
Operator Module Functions
Ascending and Descending
Sort Stability and Complex Sorts
The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate
The Old Way Using the
cmp
Parameter
Odd and Ends
Unicode HOWTO
Introduction to Unicode
History of Character Codes
Definitions
Encodings
参考
Python 2.x’s Unicode Support
The Unicode Type
Unicode Literals in Python Source Code
Unicode Properties
参考
Reading and Writing Unicode Data
Unicode filenames
Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs
参考
Revision History and Acknowledgements
HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
介绍
抓取 URL
数据
Headers
处理异常
URLError
HTTPError
错误代码
Wrapping it Up
Number 1
Number 2
info and geturl
Openers and Handlers
基本身份验证
代理
Sockets and Layers
脚注
HOWTO Use Python in the web
The Low-Level View
Common Gateway Interface
Simple script for testing CGI
Setting up CGI on your own server
Common problems with CGI scripts
mod_python
FastCGI and SCGI
Setting up FastCGI
mod_wsgi
Step back: WSGI
WSGI Servers
Case study: MoinMoin
Model-View-Controller
Ingredients for Websites
Templates
Data persistence
框架
Some notable frameworks
Django
TurboGears
Zope
Other notable frameworks
Argparse Tutorial
概念
The basics
Introducing Positional arguments
Introducing Optional arguments
Short options
Combining Positional and Optional arguments
Getting a little more advanced
Conflicting options
结论
Python Frequently Asked Questions
General Python FAQ
General Information
Python in the real world
Upgrading Python
Programming FAQ
General Questions
Core Language
Numbers and strings
Sequences (Tuples/Lists)
字典
对象
模块
Design and History FAQ
Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?
Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?
Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?
Why are Python strings immutable?
Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?
Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?
Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?
Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?
How fast are exceptions?
Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?
Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?
Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?
Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
How does Python manage memory?
Why isn’t all memory freed when Python exits?
Why are there separate tuple and list data types?
How are lists implemented?
How are dictionaries implemented?
Why must dictionary keys be immutable?
Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?
How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?
Why is there no goto?
Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?
Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?
Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?
Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?
Library and Extension FAQ
General Library Questions
Common tasks
Threads
Input and Output
Network/Internet Programming
Databases
Mathematics and Numerics
Extending/Embedding FAQ
Can I create my own functions in C?
Can I create my own functions in C++?
Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
How do I extract C values from a Python object?
How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
How do I call an object’s method from C?
How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
How do I access a module written in Python from C?
How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
How do I debug an extension?
I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?
How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?
Python on Windows FAQ
How do I run a Python program under Windows?
How do I make Python scripts executable?
Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?
How do I make an executable from a Python script?
是
*.pyd
file the same as a DLL?
How can I embed Python into a Windows application?
How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?
How do I check for a keypress without blocking?
How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?
Graphic User Interface FAQ
What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?
What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?
Tkinter questions
“Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ
What is Python?
Why is Python installed on my machine?
Can I delete Python?
名词解释
关于这些文档
Contributors to the Python Documentation
Reporting Bugs
文档编制 Bug
使用 Python 问题追踪器
开始为 Python 做贡献
版权所有
History and License
History of the software
Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
Mersenne Twister
Sockets
Floating point exception control
MD5 message digest algorithm
Asynchronous socket services
Cookie management
Execution tracing
UUencode and UUdecode functions
XML Remote Procedure Calls
test_epoll
Select kqueue
strtod and dtoa
OpenSSL
expat
libffi
zlib
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